Conquer It
In this final activity, you will examine both the majority and dissenting opinions in the Supreme Court case Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier. This Supreme Court case examined the question of First Amendment rights to freedom of the press of students enrolled in a journalism class.
Tips for Finding Author's Point of View
To determine an author’s point of view, ask yourself these four questions as you read:
- What is the author’s purpose in writing this document?
- What is the main idea the author is trying to convince you to agree with?
- How does the author’s choice of words influence your thinking as you read about the topic?
- How does the author’s choice of facts or examples influence your thinking as you read about the topic?
(You can download a PDF that includes the excerpt to highlight on paper.)
Read an excerpt from the majority opinion written by Justice Byron White. As you read, use the highlighter tool to identify evidence that supports the author’s point of view.
"We have nonetheless recognized that the First Amendment rights of students in the public schools "are not automatically coextensive with the rights of adults in other settings" … and must be "applied in light of the special characteristics of the school environment" … A school need not tolerate student speech that is inconsistent with its "basic educational mission." … even though the government could not censor similar speech outside the school.
…Hence, school facilities may be deemed to be public forums only if school authorities have "by policy or by practice" opened those facilities "for indiscriminate use by the general public," … If the facilities have instead been reserved for other intended purposes, "communicative or otherwise," then no public forum has been created, and school officials may impose reasonable restrictions on the speech of students, teachers, and other members of the school community.
…educators' authority over school-sponsored publications, theatrical productions, and other expressive activities that students, parents, and members of the public might reasonably perceive to bear the imprimatur of the school. These activities may fairly be characterized as part of the school curriculum, whether or not they occur in a traditional classroom setting, so long as they are supervised by faculty members and designed to impart particular knowledge or skills to student participants and audiences.
Educators are entitled to exercise greater control over this… form of student expression to assure that participants learn whatever lessons the activity is designed to teach, that readers or listeners are not exposed to material that may be inappropriate for their level of maturity, and that the views of the individual speaker are not erroneously attributed to the school.
…we hold that educators do not offend the First Amendment by exercising editorial control over the style and content of student speech in school-sponsored expressive activities so long as their actions are reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns."
- Justice Byron White, 1988
Read an excerpt from the dissenting opinion written by Justice William Brennan. As you read, use the highlighter tool to identify evidence that supports the author's point of view.
When the young men and women of Hazelwood East High School registered for Journalism II, they expected a civics lesson. Spectrum, the newspaper they were to publish, "…was a … forum established to give students an opportunity to express their views while gaining an appreciation of their rights and responsibilities under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. …
"If mere incompatibility with the school's pedagogical message were a constitutionally sufficient justification for the suppression of student speech, school officials could censor each of the students or student organizations in the foregoing hypotheticals, converting our public schools into "enclaves of totalitarianism," … that "strangle the free mind at its source," … The First Amendment permits no such blanket censorship authority.. . public educators must accommodate some student expression even if it offends them or offers views or values that contradict those the school wishes to inculcate.
Official censorship of student speech on the ground that it addresses "potentially sensitive topics" is … impermissible. … The case before us aptly illustrates how readily school officials (and courts) can camouflage viewpoint discrimination as the "mere" protection of students from sensitive topics. …
- Justice William Brennan, 1988
Compare the two points of view regarding students' First Amendment rights by completing the activity below.